The dominant technological drivers of the early 21st century differ significantly from those of the late 20th century. The priorities of nuclear power, defense and exploitation of mineral resources by brute force are being replaced by those associated with energy efficiency, communication, discovery of new energy materials, environmental responsibility, knowledge management, health care and quality of life in general.
In this scenario, economic, environmental and social challenges faced by the material, energy and resource industries are reviewed. The need for the future sustainable competitive advantage in resource and energy industries is identified, scientific research, development and the role of corporate researchers required to achieve these goals are discussed. A new approach to science management and technological innovation is outlined and the change of the focus of research and development is proposed. The current trends in physical methods of material manipulation, such as mineral processing, waste treatment, recycling and biosciences are discussed and possible schemes of the future developments are put forward.